Total knee replacement, also known as total knee arthroplasty (TKA), is a surgical procedure aimed at relieving pain and restoring function in patients with severe knee arthritis or damage. It involves replacing the damaged or diseased parts of the knee joint with artificial components made of metal and plastic.
The surgery begins with the patient under anesthesia. The orthopedic surgeon makes an incision over the knee, exposing the joint. Using precise surgical techniques, the damaged surfaces of the thigh bone (femur), shin bone (tibia), and kneecap (patella) are removed. Specialized cutting guides may be used to ensure accuracy in bone preparation.
Once the damaged surfaces are removed, the artificial components are implanted. These typically consist of metal implants for the femur and tibia, along with a plastic spacer inserted between them to facilitate smooth movement. In some cases, the undersurface of the patella may also be resurfaced with a plastic component to improve its function within the new joint.
Recent advancements in total knee replacement surgery include the integration of robotics and computer-assisted navigation systems. These technologies enhance the precision of implant placement and alignment, potentially improving outcomes and longevity of the artificial joint.
After the components are securely in place, the incision is closed, and the knee is bandaged. Physical therapy is an integral part of the recovery process, helping patients regain strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the replaced knee. Most patients can expect to return to normal daily activities within a few weeks to months following surgery, although individual recovery times may vary.
Total knee replacement surgery has a high success rate in relieving pain and restoring function in patients with severe knee arthritis or injury. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, including infection, blood clots, implant loosening, and stiffness. It's essential for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of surgery with their orthopedic surgeon and participate fully in preoperative planning and postoperative rehabilitation to optimize outcomes.
